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Trypan blue is an azo dye. It is a direct dye for cotton textiles. In biosciences, it is used as a vital stain to selectively colour dead tissues or cells blue.
Live cells or tissues with intact are not coloured. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed; however, it traverses the membrane in a dead cell. Hence, dead cells appear as a distinctive blue colour under a microscope. Since live cells are excluded from staining, this staining method is also described as a dye exclusion method.
The extinction coefficient for trypan blue is 6⋅104 M−1 cm−1 at 607 nm in methanol.
Trypan red and trypan blue were first synthesized by the German scientist Paul Ehrlich in 1904.
It may be used to observe fungal and stramenopiles.
Trypan blue is also used in ophthalmic cataract surgery to stain the anterior capsule in the presence of a mature cataract, to aid in visualization, before creating the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. In keratoplasty, trypan blue can be used to stain the posterior stromal fibers during deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) and to stain the endothelium in Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). Trypan blue is used in vitreoretinal surgeries also.
In early 20th century, the existence of a barrier protective toward the brain (blood brain barrier) was inferred, based on the observation that injection of trypan blue in animals led to whole‐body staining except for the brain and spinal cord.
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